Bees & Biology

Honey Bee Immunity at the Colony Level

A honey bee colony’s immunity goes beyond combining the immune system of multiple individuals. When a hive exceeds the population threshold of “many bees nesting

Bees & Biology

Honey Bee Immunity at the Individual Level

Insects lack an “adaptive” immune system. They don’t have the long-lived B- & T- cells that target specific pathogens and remember infections for future encounters.

A summary on how sex is determined in an egg of the honey bee Apis mellifera

Bees & Biology

Sex Determination in Honey Bees

Male drones are produced when a queen lays unfertilized eggs, whereas the female workers come from fertilized eggs. It’s not the presence of a sperm