Bees & Biology

Honey Bee Immunity at the Colony Level

A honey bee colony’s immunity goes beyond combining the immune system of multiple individuals. When a hive exceeds the population threshold of “many bees nesting

Bees & Biology

Honey Bee Immunity at the Individual Level

Insects lack an “adaptive” immune system. They don’t have the long-lived B- & T- cells that target specific pathogens and remember infections for future encounters.

A summary on the sublethal effects of plastics on honey bees

Pesticides

Sublethal Effects of Plastics on Honey Bees

Bees are exposed to microplastics when foraging on contaminated nectar, pollen, water and plant resins. A “microplastic” is defined as a polymer particle with a

A summary on how sex is determined in an egg of the honey bee Apis mellifera

Bees & Biology

Sex Determination in Honey Bees

Male drones are produced when a queen lays unfertilized eggs, whereas the female workers come from fertilized eggs. It’s not the presence of a sperm